Frequently asked questions

A specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin. It makes accurate, fluent word reading, spelling, and decoding difficult, usually because of a weakness in the phonological component of language. It has nothing to do with intelligence, effort, or vision. Full plain-language guide →

Estimates range from 5% to 17% of the population; "1 in 5" is commonly cited when milder presentations are included. In a class of 25, several students are likely affected.

Trouble rhyming, difficulty learning letter names and sounds, laborious sounding-out, guessing at words, spelling that doesn't match sounds, and strong listening comprehension paired with weak reading. See the full signs by age.

Through a comprehensive evaluation covering phonological awareness, decoding, fluency, spelling, and writing. In the US, public schools must evaluate at no cost when a parent requests it in writing; private evaluations are another path. Our parent toolbox includes the request letter.

Structured literacy: explicit, systematic, cumulative instruction in phonemic awareness, phonics, syllables, morphology, vocabulary, and comprehension. Programs built on Orton–Gillingham principles are common examples. Learn what to look for in our intervention guide.

In the US: yes, potentially under IDEA (IEP) or Section 504, plus your state's dyslexia laws — all 50 states now have them. Other countries protect learners through disability-rights frameworks. See Know Your Rights.

Yes. 2015 federal guidance confirmed schools may use the terms dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia in evaluations and IEPs. If you're told otherwise, our advocacy toolbox shows how to respond.

It runs strongly in families. If a parent or sibling has dyslexia, take early signs seriously and screen early.

No — major pediatric and ophthalmological organizations agree dyslexia is not a vision problem. Evidence-based instruction is the answer; overlays and vision therapy are not.

Never. Early help is most efficient, but structured literacy improves reading at any age, and assistive technology makes school and work accessible today, not someday.